Ibms Culture Transformation Ibm - 1374 Words

IBM’s Culture Transformation There is a multitude of reasons as to why an organization may change their culture. Some catalysts to cultural change could be such things as changes in the economy, external events, internal shortcomings, restructuring of leadership, or growth of technological capabilities. Since IBM was founded in 1911, it has undergone a multitude of cultural changes driven by each one of these factors. The 1990’s included a large cultural shift for this organization driven by a new CEO and new technological capabilities. Culture Prior to the Change Prior to their cultural change that took place in the early 1990’s, many would have said that IBM was on a fatal downhill slide. At this point they were beginning to become obsolete. IBM at one point was among the leaders within the world for hardware/software development and information technology services, but all divisions within the organization were run independently from one another. They were not a unified enterprise. To solidify this even further, â€Å"rather than working together as a team, divisions competed against each other both internally and in the field† (DiCarlo, L., 2002). Steps to Change On April 1, 1993 Louis V. Gerstner took over as IBM’s chairman and CEO. Gerstner was able to recognize the flaws in IBM’s model to have the company being run as several independent parts from one another. From the beginning he was able to recognize that â€Å"IBM was greater than the sum of its parts †¦ and the entireShow MoreRelatedIBM case study Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Few companies have had such a long history of ups and downs as IBM. What were some of the keys to its recent success? Can its plan to solve some of the world’s most challenging problems succeed? Why or why not? International Business Machines, abbreviated IBM and nicknamed Big Blue, is a multinational computer technology and IT consulting corporation. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software and offers infrastructure services, hosting services, and consulting services in areasRead MoreIbm Research Paper1565 Words   |  7 Pages18 Oct 2013 The company I chose is IBM.  IBMs organizational structure is  typical  of multi-product or multi-business companies. In this article I will through three ways to analyze that company. There is company’s background, employment, issued facing the company. * Background â€Å"Since its inception, IBM has been a company that defined itself not by particular products, technologies or leaders, but by persistent values.† (IBM, 2012) [1]. Throughout IBM’s 101 years development history: ‘think’Read MoreIBM Case Study1130 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ IBM case study: An analysis of the changes that Palmisano began implementing at IBM in 2005 using the Tushman-O-Reilly Congruence Model According to the Tushman-O-Reilly Congruence Model, for an organization to successfully transform for the next generation, its four key organizational building blocks of critical tasks, people, organizational structure and culture must be aligned and in congruence (Fan 2006). This model provided the basis for IBMs radical transformation in 2005 under the helmRead MoreWho Says Elephants Can t Dance?828 Words   |  4 Pagesaccount of IBM s historic turnaround told by Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., the chairman and CEO of IBM from April 1993 until March 2002. This book touches on Gerstner’s life before joining IBM, highlighting his years in McKinsey Company, American Express and RJR Nabisco, but is primarily centered on his IBM experience particularly relating to the turnaround strategies he implemented which took IBM from less than $18 per share in 1993 to $78 per share in 2003 (Reuters, 2014). Gerstner’s tenure in IBM is boastedRead More Case Analysis Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pages IBM provides services, software, and systems to clients across throughout the world. During the transformation to a global corporate enterprise, IBM maintained its core values and principles. As a leader in the industries in which it serves, IBM entered its second century in business dedicated to its culture of fairness and corporate citizenship. IBM utilizes a consistent approach to technology and innovation, and has a positive impact on the communities in which it operates. IBM is passionateRead MoreThe Dynamic Capabilities Theory Of The Organization1327 Words   |  6 PagesThe knowledge is part of all spheres, levels, department in the company, that also has partnership with universities, institutions as well laboratories, apart from IBM’s laboratories. The Organization invest in a massive structure of learning, from Business, organizational, as examples for rules, practice and guidelines, until science for developing new technologies. In this way, as the informati on are available for all employees, this can contribute to reduce power and influence, as internally,Read MoreIbm Case Study1686 Words   |  7 PagesDISCUSSION QUESTIONS Q1. What is the primary objective of IBM’s advertising? How have the objectives of its advertising changed over the years? Obviously, in one perspective the initial primary objective of IBM’s advertising is to RECAPTURED the brand equity to increase its diminishing market share. Plunging from one of the market leader during 70’s and 80’s to almost a market looser in the 90’s, IBM’s rebranding aims at the value proposition in the mind of the consumers. DefeatedRead MoreIbm Decade of Transformation13401 Words   |  54 Pagescade of 9-805-130 REV: JULY 8, 2009 LYNDA M. APPLEGATE ROBERT AUSTIN ELIZABETH COLLINS IBMs Decade of Transformation: Turnaround to Growth This is my last annual letter to you. By the time you read this, Sam Palmisano will be our new chief executive officer, the eighth in IBM’s history. He will be responsible for shaping our strategic direction as well as leading our operations. . . . I want to use this occasion to offer my perspective on what lies ahead for our industry. To many observersRead MoreIbm s Global Talent Management Strategy1363 Words   |  6 PagesStauferland IBM’s Global Talent Management Strategy: The Vision of the Globally Integrated Enterprise Objective: Workforce Management Initiative (WMI) will transform the way IBM manages it most important asset- Human Resources. They will use Analytics and Behavioral Science to improve Organizational Performance. History of IBM: IBM was founded in 1911. It had a strong market in computing business that focused on the Main Frame Computing. IBM reached its great success when IBM PC came out inRead MoreIbm Case Study1675 Words   |  7 PagesDISCUSSION QUESTIONS Q1. What is the primary objective of IBM’s advertising? How have the objectives of its advertising changed over the years? Obviously, in one perspective the initial primary objective of IBM’s advertising is to RECAPTURED the brand equity to increase its diminishing market share. Plunging from one of the market leader during 70’s and 80’s to almost a market looser in the 90’s, IBM’s rebranding aims at the value proposition in the mind of the consumers. Defeated

Lupus Informative Speech Essay - 1027 Words

Lupus is known as â€Å"the cruel mystery† in the world of disease/medicine. 1.5 million Americans are currently diagnosed with Lupus, with the number possibly being a lot higher since it is one of the most difficult diseases to diagnose in the WORLD (5 Million some form of Lupus) B. Relevance: You might ask why should I care? How does this affect me or what is it exactly? Well the truth is that most people don’t realize they have Lupus. It so difficult to diagnose it is know as the â€Å"great imitator† since it resembles a variety of other diseases. C. Credibility statement: I may not look like an expert of any sort, but I have personally seen how this disease takes over the body in my own grand-mother. D. Central idea: Lupus is a disease of†¦show more content†¦Retrieved from http://www.lupus.org/answers/entry/what-is-lupus 3. Let me remind you that although these different types sound different, they all have the same painful symptoms. It’s difficult to pinpoint the exact cause of Lupus, because even healthy people experience these symptoms. Transition to 2nd main point: Now that we’ve talked about what Lupus is and its different types, now we’re going to talk about its causes and symptoms. (Point #2) B. Point #2: Sometimes the symptoms of Lupus help narrow down the possibility of whether one has Lupus or not because there is not one single, sure fire cause of Lupus that is known. 1. Most experts can agree that there are a number of factors that cause it; the causes of Lupus are from a combination of genetics and the environment. Sometimes people inherit what is called a â€Å"genetic predisposition† which means that they inherit the chance to eventually develop it. It is very hard to pinpoint one single source of cause that triggers Lupus like I mentioned before. Things in the environment like UV rays from the sun, or unrelated things like an infection or a pregnancy can trigger it. The symptoms of Lupus range from Extreme fatigue, headaches, photosensitivity, pain/swollen joints, and one clear indicator being a butterfly-shaped rash across the cheek or nose. 2. Makover, M. Zieve, D. (2011, February 14). Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved JulyShow MoreRelatedDifferent Types Of Communication Essay1396 Words   |  6 Pagesincludes about 20 people and its a conference or meeting for discussion or training Webinar: has proximally 20 people and its a seminar conducted over the internet. Lecturer: contains about i0+ people and it’s an educational talk to an audience, the speech can be very long. Media: TV programmes: is a state of satisfaction intended for broadcasts all over the world. Newspapers: is a daily or weekly printed publication made up of installed sheets and including news advertisements articles etc... Websites:Read MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) And Autism2966 Words   |  12 Pagesis important that those in the care of an autistic individual to be very mindful and not make assumptions. In today’s world Albert Einstein would have been diagnosed with autism. Although, he was a very bright individual, he had difficulty in his speech and learning in school. The reason may have been because he did not have different teaching styles that many autistic children need. There are numerous procedures done in the process diagnosing an individual with autism one being the M-CHAT. Each

Dogs Chomp On More Than Four Million People A Year. Essay Example For Students

Dogs Chomp On More Than Four Million People A Year. Essay Dogs chomp on more than four million people a year. Dont be one of them. Dog bites on the rise Megan Boger of La Belle, Pa., returned from shopping with her mother and ran into the yard to greet the family pet, a part-cocker mutt named Blaze. Seconds later, her mom, Elena Boger, heard a snap and then shrieks from three-year-old Megan. There was blood all over her face from tooth punctures under an eye and around her mouth, she recalls. Elena and her husband rushed their sobbing child to a local hospital. But the injuries were severe enough that the Bogers were sent to Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh, where a plastic surgeon stitched the gashes. Little Megan is far from alone in having been the victim of a dog bite. According to a 1994 survey (the most recent) by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, some 4.7 million people were bitten by dogs. About 800,000 required medical treatment. Many bites are to children, and most are from family pets or familiar dogs, not strays. Many bites are treated at home or in a doctors office, an d as a consequence are often not reported to authorities. Meanwhile, there is no ongoing national system for counting dog bites, says the CDCs Dr. Jeffrey Sacks. In some locales bites are reported to the police, in others to the animal-control folks or the health department. Some counties dont collect data at all. Whatever the exact numbers, medical, veterinary and insurance experts agree: dog bites are on the rise. One reason may be that more people are getting larger, more powerful dogs than in the past. The CDC considers dog bites a serious public-health problem for children. A Pennsylvania study found that 45 percent of children had been bitten. And not only children are at risk. Dog bites are no joke for letter carriers and delivery people. Dog attacks account for a whopping one-third of all liability claims under renter or homeowners insurance policies. The Insurance Information Institute says that dog-bite-related medical treatment costs $1 billion a year. Homeowner-liability claims paid about $250 million of that in 1996. One provider of liability coverage, MetLife Auto Home, refuses coverage to many homeowners who have dogs with a history of biting or to those who own a breed they believe most prone to bite, including German shepherds, pit bulls, Doberman pinschers, Rottweilers, chows, huskies and Alaskan malamutes. Although any breed can bite, these breeds tend to be responsible for the most bites, the worst bites, and many of the dozen or so dog-bite fatalities every year. How can you protect yourself and your children, and prevent your pet from becoming part of the problem? Some common sense will help: Family Friendly. Bad matches between a dogs temperament and a familys personality are sure to cause trouble. People can fall in love with a cute puppy, then find out six months later that they got more dog than they bargained for or one whose personality is different from what they imagined. Have you ever seen an Akita puppy? asks Diane Allevato, ex ecutive director of the Marin County, California, Humane Society. Theyre gorgeous! But chances are that puppy will grow up to be an aloof, one-person or one-family dog. Its the way the dog is supposed to be. So if you wanted a dog the whole soccer team could love, dont choose a loyal-to-one-person dog; he could become a biter. The solution? Find out about the breeds youre interested in before you even glance at a puppy. And consider getting a mixed breed. We promote adopting mixed breeds because you often get the best of both parents, says Allevato. SitStay. In the excitement of picking out a new pet, many people underestimate how much time it takes to train it. Yet experts say any dog requires a continuing commitment to training if theyre going to be under control around people. Thats especially true for more aggressive and bigger dogs. Take Rottweilers, says Pat Hubbard, director of operations at the Humane Society of Southern Arizona. They can make very sweet, loyal family dogs. But you have to be very serious about training them from the start. This means finding time for walks, play and obedience classes, and keeping faithfully to the regimen. Hubbard says many people make the mistake of putting up with puppy rambunctiousness because they think its charming. Then one day when the dog is half-grown, you start teaching sit the way some obedience schools do by pushing down on the dogs rump as you say it. But theres a good chance an untrained dog will take your face off. Over time, the dog has learned to be dominant. Shelters are full of dogs turned in because their owners cant control them. Often these pets were never taught how to behave. Thats why local laws banning specific breeds wont solve biting problems, say dog experts. Our biggest concern with banned-breed lists is that people may feel a certain dog is not a danger because his breed isnt on the list, says Dr. Leslie Sinclair, director of veterinary issues for companion animals for the Humane Society of the United States. I cant say it too often: any dog can bite. Spay or Neuter. Studies show an unneutered male dog is three times more likely to bite. Neutering reduces a dogs aggression. Its also humane. Too many males are let loose because owners cant control them. Too many puppies from unplanned breeding are abandoned. Playtime. Dogs crave our company. They are sociable pack animals. But many people get a dog then leave it alone most of the day in an apartment or a back yard. Some even tie dogs outside, which increases the chance of aggressive behavior. This makes for what dog experts call inadequate socialization. When such dogs encounter new people, they may bite from fear or from an instinct to protect their territory. Make sure your dog meets as many new people each day as possible, especially when young, says Robin Kovary, a dog trainer in New York. Dont Act Stupid. People who boast of being good with dogs often end up getting bitten, notes Dr. Sinclair. Thats because the y forget to take the proper precautions with dogs they dont know. A mother in Charlotte, NC, had a plumber walk into her house unannounced. Hearing a ruckus, she found the plumber in the family room, trying to make friends with her coldly furious Labrador retriever. All the dog knew was that she had an intruder on one side, and her child and household on the other. Dogs always like me, the plumber protested before making a hasty exit. He was seconds away from a serious bite. Children especially must be taught how to be smart with dogs. Many kids normal behaviors like running and squealing look to a dog like the actions of prey, says the CDCs Dr. Sacks. That just naturally incites a dogs basic predatory instincts. Make sure your children do not try stunts like riding a dog or blowing into the face of a sleeping dog. And remember that even if your own children know how to treat your pets, their buddies may not. Carolyn Boatner of Signal Mountain, Tenn., a mother of four, had a child bitten as a toddler. It taught me that you cant predict what kids will try or how any dog will react. Her dog, she says, is gentle and has never exhibited any tendency to bite. But when my kids have friends over, I put her away because shes a hundred pounds. Why take a chance? No Excuses. I see it all the time in parks and on the street, says Allevato. A dog snarls or snaps at a stranger, and the owner says, Its okay, hes just scared. Well, maybe so. But it is not appropriate for a dog to snarl, growl, snap or bite in these common situations. Dont make excuses for your dog. Its not all right to let a dog get away with growling over food or possessions, biting out of fear, refusing to be controlled around other dogs, snapping or nipping, says trainer Carol Lea Benjamin in her book Dog Problems. These behaviors are unacceptable for dogs who are family pets, she says. And when left uncorrected they give dogs the clear message that aggression is acceptable. Beyond puppyhood, retraining an aggressive dog often is a tough job, and it doesnt always work. You may need professional advice. Contact your veterinarian, who might refer you to a trainer or behaviorist. If after retraining, your dog continues to scare people, consider whether the kindest and safest action is to put the dog to sleep. Every pet owner, and every family with children, needs to take seriously the risk of dog bites. Ask the Bogers. Its been more than a year since Megan was bitten. The scars around her eye and the crease on one side of her mouth have faded almost to nothing, but the memory of the attack by her pet lingers. Shes very hesitant around all dogs, reports her mom. Im more so. They have taught Megan and their other children to approach dogs slowly, and to hold out a hand to be sniffed before getting closer. The family was required by law to keep Blaze contained for ten days; to be sure the dog didnt carry rabies. Then the Bogers gave him to a family friend one with no children. Now they have Blaze back, but hes carefully supervised. How to Avoid Getting Bitten?h Dont disturb a dog who is sleeping, eating or caring for puppies. .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187 , .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187 .postImageUrl , .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187 , .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187:hover , .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187:visited , .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187:active { border:0!important; } .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187:active , .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187 .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue55df8c6797140c6cfc5c0cfd8896187:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Mother's Influence Essay ?h Always ask the owner if you can pet a dog. If the owner says yes, first close your hand into a fist and let the dog sniff the back of your hand. Then pet the dog gently. ?h Never leave an infant or toddler alone with a dog. ?h To avoid a stray dog, walk away from it slowly and quietly. Never run away. Do not stare into the dogs eyes. ?h Know the posture signs that indicate the dog is about to attack. Common ones include: head lowered, staring, hackles up. ?h If you are confronting an aggressive dog, place your hands at your sides and keep them still. Never wave them in the air. ?h Dont run or scream if attacked by a dog. Stand still with your arms at your side. Dont make eye contact or talk to the dog. If you are knocked over, curl into a ball and put your hands over your ears. S. S. BibliographyReaders Digestwww.Metacrawler.comAnimal Science

Yes, Another The Pearl Essay Example For Students

Yes, Another The Pearl Essay Thesis Statement: Kinos lack of material items did not keephim from happiness until he thought it was possible toacquire a greater amount of wealth and increase hishappiness through the pearl. In turn, this resulted in thedownfall of Kino and his family. I. Kinos life before thepearl brought him satisfaction and contentment A. Family 1. Juana is driven, although instinctively as a woman to healthe family, nevertheless in reality to act for the man toprotect the family. (Karsten 6) a. Raised and took care ofthe family b. Held together the family with love and care 2. Coyotito Kinos son a. Kinos pride and joy b. Broughttogether Kino and Juana and made them a family 3. JuanTomas Kinos brother a. Supported Kino throughout hislife b. We do know that we are cheated from birth to theovercharge on our coffins. But we survive. You have defiednot the pearl buyers, but the whole structure, the whole wayof life, and I am afraid for you. (Steinbeck 70) B. We will write a custom essay on Yes, Another The Pearl specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Possessions 1. Home brush hut a. Provided protection andshelter b. Brought together the family in unity 2. Canoe family heirloom a. Passed down from grandfather to fatherto son b. Kino and Juana came slowly down to the beachand to Kinos canoe, which was the one thing of value heowned in the world. (Steinbeck 19) c. It was onceproperty and source of food, for a man with a boat canguarantee a woman that she will eat something. (Steinbeck19) C. Song of the family a. Prevalent in the beginning b. Brought a feeling of unity c. the Song of the Family isidentified along with other unnamed songs, the heritage ofKinos people, in the calm beginning of the story (Karsten2) II. Changes and alterations brought about by the pearl A. Kino immediately began to make a list of things that hewanted to buy with the pearls wealth 1. Kino has anopportunity for social mobility and acts upon it a. Officialmarriage b. New clothes c. Rifle d. Harpoon e. Educationfor his son 2. Instantaneously, Kinos desires became cloudya. There was no certainty in seeing, no proof that what yousaw was there or was not there. (Astro 29) b. Kino thenstarted doubting his dreams and the pearl became misty andcloudy. B. Kinos community thought of him differentlybecause of his sudden acquired wealth 1. Suddenly the towndeveloped an interest in Kino and his pearl a. Every mansuddenly became related to Kinos pearl b. All of thesudden, everyone wanted to know Kino not because ofKino but because of the pearl c. and only one personstood in the way and that was Kino, so that he becamecuriously every mans enemy. (Astro 29) d. The onlyobstacle that stood in the way of someone elses wealth wasKino. If someone wanted the pearl, Kino was the only thingfrom stopping that desire. 2. The community became greedythemselves and wanted a piece of wealth that Kinopossessed C. Richer people showed an interest in Kino andhis wealth 1. The doctor decided to treat Coyotitosscorpion bite after he found out about Kinos rare discoveryof the pearl 2. The priest became interested in Kinos wealthwhen he thought the money could be used to renovate hischurch D. Kino was overcome with greed which changedhis and his familys way of living 1. Kino began to takethings from granted because he shut out his old life, onlythinking about what the pearl could give him a. Song of theFamily b. Sound of the waves on the beach c. Doves d. Pigse. Goats f. Dog 2. Juanas rebellion a. Juana thought that thepearl was evil and that something was going to happen to thefamily b. Juana attempted to throw the pearl back into thesea c. Kino strikes Juana for her wrong doing 3. Juanarealized that the pearl had definitely overcome Kino withgreed and evil a. Juana realized the irre vocable change andaccepts it to keep the family together (Karsten 2) b. Thispearl has become my soul If I give it up I shall lose mysoul. (Astro 30) 4. Kino, Juana, and Coyotito flee thecommunity a. Kino killed a man in a struggle over the pearlb. The dark ones burned Kinos brush hut down c. JuanTomas and his family provided protection for Kino and hisfamily until they could flee the area III. Destruction of Kinosfamily A. Kino was losing many things very close to him dueto his insistence on keeping the pearl and pursuing itspotential wealth 1. Hut a. Burned down by the dark onesb. Source of the family was lost 2. Canoe a. Destroyed bythe dark ones b. The killing of a man was not so evil asthe killing of a boat. For a boat does not have sons, and aboat cannot protect itself, and a wounded boat does noheal. (Steinbeck 80) 3. Coyotito a. Killed by one of thetrackers b. Destroyed the link between the family B. Due tothe evil the pearl brought, Kino decided that enough damagewas done 1. Kino hurled the pearl back into the sea 2. Thisgesture symbolized defeat in that the pearl brought so muchevil and greed that Kino was defeated by it. It could alsomean the Kino finally overcame his greediness and threw histroubles away back where they came from.

Private and Public Spheres in Sociology

Private and Public Spheres in Sociology Within sociology, public and private spheres are thought of as two distinct realms in which people operate on a daily basis. The basic distinction between them is that the public sphere is the realm of politics where strangers come together to engage in the free exchange of ideas, and is open to everyone, whereas the private sphere is a smaller, typically enclosed realm (like a home) that is only open to those who have permission to enter it. Origins of the Concept The concept of distinct public and private spheres can be traced back to the ancient Greeks, who defined the public as the political realm where the direction of society and its rules and laws were debated and decided upon, and the private as the realm of the family and economic relations. However, how we define the distinction within sociology has changed over time. Within sociology how we define the private and public spheres is largely due to the work of the German sociologist Jà ¼rgen Habermas. A student of critical theory and the Frankfurt School, he published a book in 1962,  The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, that is considered the key text on the matter. Public Sphere According to Habermas, the public sphere, as a place where the free exchange of ideas and debate happens, is the cornerstone of democracy. It is, he wrote, made up of private people gathered together as a public and articulating the needs of society with the state. From this public sphere grows a public authority that dictates the values, ideals, and goals of a given society. The will of the people is expressed within it and emerges out of it. As such, a public sphere must have no regard for the  status  of the participants, be focused on common concerns, and be inclusiveall can participate. In his book, Habermas argues that the public sphere actually took shape within the private sphere, as the practice of discussing literature, philosophy, and politics among family and guests became a common practice. These practices then left the private sphere and effectively created a public sphere when men started engaging in them outside of the home. In 18th Century Europe, the spread of coffeehouses across the continent and Britain created a place where the Western public sphere first took shape in modern time. There, men engaged in discussions of politics and markets, and much of what we know today as laws of property, trade, and the ideals of democracy were crafted in those spaces. Private Sphere On the flip side, the private sphere is the realm of family and home life that is, in theory, free of the influence of government and other social institutions. In this realm, ones responsibility is to oneself and the other members of ones household, and work and exchange can take place within the home in a way that is separate from the economy of the greater society. However, the boundary between the public and private sphere is not fixed but is flexible and permeable, and is always fluctuating and evolving. Its important to note that women were almost uniformly excluded from participating in the public sphere when it first emerged, and so the private sphere, the home, was considered the womans realm. This is why, historically, women had to fight for the right to vote in order to participate in politics, and why gender stereotypes about women belonging in the home linger today. Historically within the U.S. people of color and others perceived as different or deviant have been excluded from participating in the public sphere too. Though progress in terms of inclusion has been made over time, we see the lingering effects of historical exclusion in the over-representation of white men in the U.S. congress. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Fascinating Facts About Centipedes

Fascinating Facts About Centipedes Centipedes (one hundred legs in Latin) are Arthropods, members of an invertebrate class that includes insects, spiders, and crustaceans. All centipedes belong to the class Chilopoda, which includes about 3,300 different species. They are found on every continent except Antarctica, and they have the greatest diversity in shape and configuration in warm and tropical environments. Most centipedes are adapted to burrowing and live in soil or leaf litter, under the bark of trees or beneath stones. Centipede bodies include six head segments (three of which are mouthparts), a pair of poisonous maxillipeds (foot jaws), a variously numbered series of trunk leg-bearing segments, and two genital segments. Their heads have two antennae and a varying number of paired compound eyes (called ocelli). Some cave-dwelling species are blind. Each legged segment is made up of an upper and lower shield covered by a cuticle and separated from the next segment by a flexible membrane. Centipedes periodically shed their cuticle, which allows them to grow. Their body length ranges from 4 to 300 millimeters (.16–12 inches), with most species measuring between 10 and 100 mm (.4–4 in). Centipedes Never Have 100 Legs Though their common name means one hundred legs, centipedes can have significantly more or less than 100 legs- but never 100. Depending on the species, a centipede can have as few as 15 pairs of legs or as many as 191 pairs. Regardless of the species, centipedes always have an odd number of leg pairs, so they never have exactly 100 legs (because 50 is an even number). The easiest way to differentiate centipedes and millipedes  is as follows: Millipedes have two pairs of legs on most body segments, but centipedes always have a single pair of legs per segment. Not sure what youve found? Just count how many pairs of legs are on a segment. The Number of Legs Changes Throughout Their Lives Should a centipede find itself in the grip of a bird or other predator, it can often escape by sacrificing a few legs. The bird is left with a beak full of legs, and the clever centipede makes a fast escape on those that remain. Since centipedes continue to molt as adults, they can usually repair the damage by simply regenerating legs. If you find a centipede with a few legs that are shorter than the others, it is likely in the process of recovering from a predator attack. Though many centipedes hatch from their eggs with a full complement of leg pairs, certain kinds of Chilopods start life with fewer legs than their parents. Stone centipedes (order Lithobiomorpha) and house centipedes (order Scutigeromorpha) start out with as few as 14 legs but add pairs with each successive molt until they reach adulthood. The common house centipede can live as long as five to six years, so thats a lot of legs. Centipedes Are Carnivorous Hunters Though some occasionally scavenge a meal, centipedes are primarily hunters. Smaller centipedes catch other invertebrates, including insects, mollusks, annelids, and even other centipedes. The larger tropical species can consume frogs and small birds. The centipede usually wraps itself around the prey and waits for the venom to take effect before consuming its meal. A centipedes first set of legs are venomous fangs, which they use to inject paralyzing venom from a gland into prey. These special appendages are known as forcipules and are unique to centipedes. Large poison claws partially cover the mouthparts and form part of the feeding apparatus. The last pair of legs are not used for locomotion either but vary in use by species, some for defensive or sensory functions, or prey apprehension, and some for courtship. People Keep Centipedes as Pets Although there are centipede breeders, most centipedes sold in the pet trade are wild-caught. The most commonly sold for pets and zoological displays are giant centipedes from the Scolopendra genus. Pet centipedes are kept in terrariums, with a large surface area, minimum 60 centimeters (24 inches) square for larger species. They require a built substrate of soil and coconut fiber for burrowing, and they can be fed pre-killed crickets, cockroaches, and mealworms weekly or biweekly. They always need a shallow dish of water. Centipedes are aggressive, venomous, and potentially dangerous for humans, especially children. Centipede bites can cause skin damage, bruising, blisters, inflammation, and gangrene. The enclosures should be escape proof, and although centipedes cant climb smooth glass or acrylic, dont provide them a way to climb to reach the lid. They required a minimum humidity of 70 percent; rainforest species need more. Appropriate ventilation can be provided with a grid cover and small holes on the side of the terrarium, but be sure the holes are too small for the centipede to crawl through. Temperate species like it between 20 and 25 C (68–72 F), tropical between 25 and 28 C (77–82.4 F). Dont worry if you dont see your pet centipede out during the day: Centipedes are night creatures and do their hunting after dark. Living With a Centipede Compared to most arthropods, centipedes are relatively long-lived. It is not unusual for a centipede to live for two to three years, and some survive longer than five years. Centipedes continue to molt and grow as adults, unlike insects, which complete their growth when they reach adulthood. You probably wouldnt expect a centipede to be a good mother, but a surprising number of them dote on their offspring. Female soil centipedes (Geophilomorpha) and tropical centipedes (Scolopendromorpha) lay an egg mass in an underground burrow. The mother wraps her body around the eggs, and remains with them until they hatch, protecting them from harm. With the exception of the slow-moving soil centipedes, which are built to burrow, Chilopods can run fast. A centipedes body is suspended in a cradle of long legs. When those legs start moving, this gives the centipede more maneuverability over and around obstacles, as it flees predators or chases prey. The tergites- the dorsal surface of the body segments- may also be modified to keep the body from swaying while in motion. Centipedes Prefer Dark and Moist Environments Arthropods often have a waxy coating on the cuticle to help prevent water loss, but centipedes lack this waterproofing. Most centipedes live in dark, moist environments, like under leaf litter or in damp, rotting wood. Those that inhabit deserts or other arid environments often modify their behavior to minimize the risk of dehydration. They may delay activity until seasonal rains arrive, or when the humidity rises, for example, and diapause during the hottest, driest spells. Sources Capinera, John L. Encyclopedia of Entomology. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer Science Business Media, 2008. Print.Chiariello, Thiago M. Centipede Care and Husbandry. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 24.3 (2015): 326-32. Print.Edgecombe, Gregory D., and Gonzalo Giribet. Evolutionary Biology of Centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda). Annual Review of Entomology 52.1 (2007): 151-70. Print.Triplehorn, Charles A., and Norman F. Johnson. Borror and Delongs Introduction to the Study of Insects. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2004. Print.Undheim, Eivind A. B., and Glenn F. King. On the Venom System of Centipedes (Chilopoda), a Neglected Group of Venomous Animals. Toxicon 57.4 (2011): 512-24. Print.

Taxation Law According to ITAA 1997 and ITAA 1936 CGT Speech or Presentation

Taxation Law According to ITAA 1997 and ITAA 1936 CGT - Speech or Presentation Example Hence these shares would be treated as if acquired by Les for $ 20,000, their market value on 1.4.2004, the date of his father’s death and not the $ 15,000 originally paid by his father on 10 August 2001. 7. Block of land: The block of land was purchased on 1 March 2000 for $ 130,000 and sold on 20 June 2010 for 150,000 resulting in a net CGT of 20,000 (H). Although the settlement proceeds were received on 10 August 2010 in the next financial year they would be taxable as on 30 June 2010 as the asset is considered sold or disposed off in the year the taxpayer loses its ownership. 8. Dividend income from certain shares was $ 5,200 with the imputation credits being $ 2,229. Here the taxpayer is eligible as a small shareholder as his imputation or franking credits are less than $ 5,000. Hence, net taxable income is $ 5,200 - $ 2,229 = $ 2971 (I) Under the dividend reinvestment the shareholder can choose to receive newly issued shares instead of divident. Such a plan is treated as if the shareholder received the actual dividend and then used the money to buy shares. The dividend is taxed like any other dividend (including with any  dividend imputation), and the shares are taken to be acquired for the cash one didnt receive. Dividend imputation is a corporate tax under which some or all of the share paid by the corporate may be attributed or ‘imputed’ to the shareholder by giving him tax credits so as to reduce the tax burden and avoid ‘double taxation’. These credits are called franking credits which the company gives to the shareholder at the time of paying dividend. Under dividend imputation small shareholders are exempt upto $ 5000 and franking credits are fully refundable. An eligible shareholder receiving a franked dividend declares the cash amount plus the franking credit as income, and is credited with the franking credit against their